Tag: characters

  • Bring On The Backstories!

    Bring On The Backstories!

    What makes a character seem real? Why do we empathize with some characters and not others? Backstory. Every character has one, even if we don’t know it (we’ll come back to this later). It’s what gives them depth and makes them relatable (or not). A well-rounded character needs a backstory. Why are they the way they are? To create a believable character, you need to answer these questions. You can use poetry and songwriting to explore your character’s past and help flesh them out. When writing backstories for my characters, I find it helpful to come up with three questions that might get me started with the answers I’m looking for. These include ‘What is their favorite memory?’ ‘What are their deepest hopes?’ and ‘What is their biggest fear?’.

    Write What You Know

    If you need inspiration, think back to your own life: where did you get the idea for your first job? What were some defining moments in school? How did certain relationships form or end? What were some of the other parts of life that contributed to making you who you are today? Remembering these things might help jog your creativity when trying to write the backstory of one of your characters. For example, you may find an interesting way to show how a character was rebellious as a child and how this impacted their decision-making later on in life. You could also make sure that any time something happens in the story, it’s always filtered through what your character would remember from his/her past.

    If you’re feeling stuck with this task, try thinking about why it is important to understand a character’s background. Knowing where they came from will give you insight into why they do what they do now. By understanding where they come from, readers are more invested in them. When people read stories with compelling characters and believable backstories, they often feel connected to them. These connections make for longer reading sessions because readers care more about what happens next!

    Foundations

    Backstory is the history and events that made your character who they are. It includes their experiences, their relationships, and the formative moments that shaped them into the person they are today. Without one, your characters will feel flat and two-dimensional. A well-developed backstory can make them feel real and relatable to your readers. Without a strong – or at least interesting – foundation, your characters will seem unsteady and crumble at the slightest inspection.

    A backstory helps ground readers in who your character is, what they care about, and where they come from. You can use this as an opportunity to let them grow as you’re writing. To show that someone who once was self-involved can now put themselves aside for others. Or maybe that someone who once had no experience with trauma has experienced something traumatic and can’t stop thinking about it. You can even show that someone who once only knew superficial relationships has found their person and knows what it means to have deep connections with people. The key is showing those changes rather than telling them outright. That starts with showing, not telling, the backstory. Not a simple task, but for a worthy character, it is an effort worth taking.

    The backstory is a lot more than just learning how they got their scars or what made them a particular way. It goes beyond that and shows something about who they are as a person and how they see themselves in relation to others. At its most basic, show at least one major event in their past. A moment that impacted who they are now and influenced how they grew up. This can be trauma – like being kidnapped or witnessing a murder – or positive experiences, like winning an award for athleticism or helping someone when no one else would. Those brief moments change us into who we are today and influence our future decisions. They also create a sense of continuity between your current story and what came before. These moments can act as catalysts for future events, which help lead them towards who they become.

    Before the Hook

    The backstory should contain information and events that occur prior to the hook. That doesn’t mean they need to be read then. In terms of story structure, the hook will always come first. We should weave backstory throughout the entire story, offering insight during times of character growth. The more a reader gets a sense of who the protagonist is, where they came from, what they care about most in life, etc., the more empathy they’ll feel for them. We want readers to care about our characters because it makes them more real. Real people have history. You can’t really know someone without knowing their past. Empathy with the protagonist leads to empathy with other characters and a desire to find out how everyone ends up – which leads back to page one.

    A character’s history is all the stuff that happened before your story starts. It’s their life up to where your story begins. History is also a part of who a character is, but it doesn’t have to be made explicit in order for the reader to understand. The reader will know what type of person they are based on their interactions with other characters in your story. Sometimes, this will be enough, but there may be instances where including the character’s backstory adds more depth or intrigue to a plot line.

    Rounding Up

    A well-rounded character will feel real to your readers and make your story more engaging. Try asking yourself these questions about your characters: What is their name? Where do they live? What is their occupation? How do they spend time outside of work? Who are the people in their life that care about them the most? What were some things that happened in their childhood or adolescence that shaped them into who they are today? Do they have any hobbies or interests that consume their free time? Is there something significant in their past that makes them act how they do now? If so, how did it happen and why does it still matter to them? Even if you don’t use all this information when writing your story, it will help you create realistic dialogue for your characters and flesh out minor details that may not be important for the plot but add depth to their personalities. Asking these questions about your characters before you write will also save you a lot of editing later on because you’ll know exactly who they are.

    It’s not just an author trying to make us cry or scream, but using emotional connections as a means of storytelling. For example, by understanding a character like Darth Vader as a tragic figure, he becomes more human. It’s hard not to pity him when we understand his struggle with being born into such terrible circumstances and seeing everything he loved taken away from him. We’re able to see his journey through his anger-fueled actions and empathize with him. He became evil in order to survive in a world gone mad – it was all he knew how to do anymore. And even though we hate him now (and will never stop loving him for it) we still understand why he did those things: the pain inside drove him on relentlessly until he had nothing left but anger and a super cool voice.

    Settings

    Settings can be meaningful characters, too. In such cases, settings should also have meaningful backstories of their own. Otherwise, they become mere props in the story. A setting is more than just where the story takes place. It has a personality and uniqueness all its own. If you think about how this or that place came to be, you’ll discover additional aspects of it that will make your writing richer and more layered. The tree that your protagonist leans against for a moment’s respite may come back around as a symbol of peace later. Why not give it a history of providing others such relief? When was it planted, who else leans? What did they pray over while resting there? What stories did people tell one another when sitting beneath it together at sunset? How old is it now, and what do the leaves look like? There are so many possibilities! You never know what details might stick out in someone’s mind if they’re walking through your setting.

    Back it Up

    When you create a backstory, remember that it should be consistent with your other descriptions of the character: age, temperament, socio-economic status, etc., but unique enough so that it stands out and doesn’t feel like filler information. Creating believable character backstories can be challenging. If you do it correctly, you will reap its benefits when crafting your narrative.

    When you craft a worthy backstory, it’s like adding in backup dancers to flesh out a performance. You’ve already got the key players on stage, now add some surprise elements for interest. Just as we might see subtle gestures from background dancers (or ballerinas) that are not part of the choreography but add depth to the dance piece, a well thought out backstory for your protagonist helps bring them alive in our minds and evoke their humanity.

    -R.E.

  • Fantastic Fictional Writers

    Fantastic Fictional Writers

    Anyone who’s ever wanted to be a writer can tell you it’s difficult to make the dream a reality. It takes plenty of hard work, dedication, and perseverance, and even then there’s no guarantee that you’ll be able to pay your bills with just your writing. But that doesn’t mean it isn’t worthwhile to try! There are plenty of well-known writers in real life and in movies and books who have succeeded and inspired many more aspiring writers along the way.

    We often revere writers for their unique ability to craft fiction, whether it’s as a novel, play, or movie script. Some have also made their mark as some of our favorite movie and book characters. Here are some of our favorites.

    Anne Shirley

    Anne of Green Gables Cover Image

    Not only was Anne Shirley a writer, she was also one of literature’s most adorable characters. No one could resist Anne’s eccentricities. She was rather unlike any other young girl in 1900s Nova Scotia, which is why audiences love her so much.

    The first book of Lucy Maud Montgomery’s series focuses on Anne’s journey from an orphanage to live with Marilla Cuthbert and Matthew Cuthbert on their farm in Avonlea. She becomes friends with Diana Barry (another writer) and Gilbert Blythe (who eventually wins her heart). The spunky redhead who lived on Prince Edward Island spent much of her time writing stories—usually about plucky orphan girls—and later became an author in her own right.

    Throughout the books, we see just how much Anne loves writing by seeing how hard she works at it. She even begins working on a second novel. It never gets published, but it shows us just how important writing is to Anne. She continues to write poetry throughout her life. This passion for words makes Anne Shirley one of literature’s most beloved characters. And what better way to honor her than by showing your own passion for writing?

    Atticus Finch

    To Kill a Mockingbird Cover Image

    Atticus Finch is one of those special literary heroes who’s become a cultural icon. In Harper Lee’s beloved 1960 novel, Finch is a high-minded attorney defending a black man accused of rape in 1930s Alabama. He’s an ideal father to his kids, always teaching them tolerance and love. He is also determined to set aside his own financial interests in order to defend Tom Robinson, an innocent black man accused of raping a white woman.

    Finch was more than just a lawyer. He was also a writer. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, he wrote letters to his children. These letter spoke of the lessons he wanted them to learn throughout their lives, saying

    “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view.”

    That sure sounds like good advice for fiction writers as well!

    As he’s typing, he’s playing with new ways of describing events in Maycomb County. Writing (and editing) becomes an essential part of how Atticus sees the world around him. He’s always trying to make sense of what he sees by using language. Finch was a writer who used his skills and talents to defend those who were powerless. And isn’t that exactly what fiction writers try to do as well? We tell stories about people who don’t have power—or don’t have enough power—in order to bring them into our readers’ lives and give them a voice.

    John Dunbar

    Dances With Wolves Cover Image

    The acclaimed 1993 film Dances with Wolves stars Kevin Costner as John Dunbar, a Civil War soldier left for dead by his own side in a dangerous frontier. After finding solace with a Sioux tribe, he stays. Dunbar becomes involved in their day-to-day lives while keeping a journal of his interactions and eventual acceptance.

    While not technically a writer himself, John Dunbar is one of fiction’s most memorable characters because of his actions. His words, however, play an important part in his tale. Through the journal he keeps during his time in isolation, he learns to examine himself and the world around him.

    The book itself serves as a reminder that all our experiences are subjective. It’s hard to know how much of what we see is real or imagined. It doesn’t matter if it’s true or false, what matters is that it happened. And from those experiences, we learn who we are and where we belong in life. It’s a journey every writer takes at some point; whether you’re writing about your own life or creating something entirely new for your readership.

    Kilgore Trout

    Breakfast of Champions Cover Image

    The character of Kilgore Trout, created by Kurt Vonnegut, is one of his most notable literary creations. As a literary genius, he also shares many similarities with his creator: both are from Indianapolis; both attended Cornell University; both served in World War II; and both published their first novels in 1950. Perhaps not coincidentally, that was also when Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano. In fact, Vonnegut’s works often include references to Trout and some note that Trout may be an alter ego for Vonnegut himself.

    A down-on-his-luck author, Trout receives little respect and recognition for his work–much like Vonnegut during his lifetime. Despite never attaining fame or fortune for his work, Trout remains steadfast in his love for writing and learning from others who share similar interests. He remains hopeful that we will recognize him for what he has given to literature; if not while he is alive, then perhaps in future generations.

    We can say the same about Vonnegut, who is now remembered as one of America’s greatest writers. Both are great examples of how persistence pays off in life. The more you persist through hard times, the more likely you are to achieve success later on. Keep going even when things get tough because your time will come!

    Jack Torrance

    The Shining Cover Image

    The psychotic writer in The Shining is just one of many classic examples. Jack’s descent into madness is linked to his isolation and obsession with his craft, though he was battling far deeper demons. He suffered from alcoholism and a family history of violence that haunted him. Taking a new job as the winter caretaker of the Overlook Hotel was not likely the best plan to overcome his writer’s block. The hotel owner needed to fill the job since the previous one died there. The last caretaker murdered his little girls with a hatchet, his wife with a shotgun, and himself the same way.

    Jack’s writing, though. Through it all, he’s writing. We don’t know what kind of play he’s working on, but we know how important it is to him—and how much pressure he feels to get it right. As his isolation deepens, Jack becomes increasingly unhinged.

    Many writers have felt this was at one point or another. Words just won’t go to the castle that you’ve built for them. That and the angry spirits that haunt your every waking hour are bad for concentration and wreak havoc on your word count. Jack’s battles play a large role in The Shining. Alcoholism runs rampant through American literature. It’s an unfortunate part of our culture and one that writers shine the light on often. Jack is no exception.

    Dr. Watson

    The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Cover Image

    Who is Sherlock Holmes without Dr. Watson? Without his right-hand man, there would be no crime-solving duo, no mystery to solve. The famous fictional detective first appeared in 1887 in A Study in Scarlet, but he was only a minor character—mostly acting as a foil for his colleague and friend Dr. John H. Watson. But it wasn’t until Sherlock Holmes appeared in The Strand Magazine starting in 1901 that Arthur Conan Doyle realized just how much readers adored Dr. Watson (as well as Sherlock).

    Sherlock Holmes’ sidekick’s written accounts of their adventures form much of what we know today about Holmes. Sherlock Holmes regularly called John Watson his faithful friend and biographer.

    Holmes can be an understandably difficult subject and on more than one occasion, Dr. Watson tried to remove himself from the toil of cataloguing his friends’ exploits. He would often voice his dissatisfaction with having to recount their adventures, but was always drawn back in by Holmes’ pleas for help or by Sherlock’s own secret machinations.

    The Hobbits

    The Hobbit Cover Image

    The hobbit from Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings series writes many letters during his adventures—letters to his nephew Frodo, to King Elessar (Aragorn), and even one to Smaug. He also keeps extensive journals during his travels, writing about what he sees and learns along the way. To top it off, Bilbo also writes poetry in secret that reflects on his adventures.

    He wasn’t able to spend much time in his home during his adventures with Thorin Oakenshield and company. Upon return, he settled in and continued work on his red leather-bound diary. They eventually expanded these collected memoirs to include the whole of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The book that Tolkien is most famous for, however, was not written by Bilbo Baggins. In fact, it was written by another hobbit: Frodo Baggins.

    After Bilbo left Middle Earth, Frodo inherited his uncle’s estate and made Bag End his permanent residence. There, he wrote a detailed account of what happened during his journey with Gandalf and other members of The Fellowship. This record became known as The Red Book of Westmarch or The Red Book of Arda (the latter being an Elvish name for Middle Earth). It was used as a reference point by later writers who chronicled events in Middle Earth history after Frodo completed his own chronicle.

    Grady Tripp

    Wonder Boys Cover Image

    There’s always another book. Professor Grady Tripp, while managing a failing marriage and an affair with his boss, is learning to make tough choices. The main character in Michael Chabon’s Wonder Boys takes on student-turned-writer James Leer as his protégé, despite all of his own complications. In doing so, he finds that there are many things more important than writing—at least for him.

    He learns how hard it is when you are trying to balance your career and life at once; but it doesn’t stop him from trying again and again. In the little failures, we prepare ourselves for tremendous breakthroughs, or tremendous failures that don’t feel as bad. Grady Tripp teaches us we can always make time for what’s important to us, even if it means giving up something else. It’s a great lesson in prioritizing our lives so that writing becomes more than just a hobby—and less of an excuse.

    Ford Prefect

    The Hitch-hiker's Guide to the Galaxy Cover Image

    Ford Prefect is Arthur Dent’s friend and saves his life when the Earth is unexpectedly demolished to make way for a hyperspace bypass. Ford is a seasoned galactic hitch-hiker and a field writer for the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. He appears in every version of Hitchhiker’s, including novels, radio series, television series, comic books, a 1981 stage show and feature film.

    His name comes from a Ford Prefect car that was sold in Britain in 1951. In many versions of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, it is stated that he has an IQ of about 150 (the same as Douglas Adams). In some versions, it is also stated that he was born on Thursday 16 February 1974 (which was Adams’ own birthday).

    The most memorable character from The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Ford Prefect is also a struggling writer. He makes his living as a field researcher for The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. He has also just finished writing an entry on Earth for that publication when he meets Arthur Dent and saves him from certain death. In fact, it was Ford who wrote much of what appears in The Hitchhiker’s Guide, including its entry on Earth. He remains an important figure in The Hitchhiker’s Guide community.

    Jessica Fletcher

    Embed from Getty Images

    Jessica Fletcher, played by Angela Lansbury, is a successful author of mystery novels who uses her detective skills to solve murders on television. One of literature’s most beloved sleuths is best known for her ability to weave together a (very) good mystery from random tidbits of information. If you need inspiration for how to turn your own life into a gripping novel, Jessica Fletcher will be happy to share her secrets with you in Murder She Wrote. The show ran for 12 seasons and garnered multiple Emmy awards and nominations.

    In it writer Jessica Fletcher uses her journalism background to solve crimes by interviewing suspects, uncovering clues and piecing them all together until she cracks each case wide open. Her writing skills make her successful as a detective. They also come in handy when she has to write up an obituary or even craft a letter of recommendation for one of her friends.

    In fact, she even uses them as an excuse to get out of some social obligations by claiming that she needs more time to work on her next book!

    Whether you want to write fiction or non-fiction, there are plenty of lessons that can be learned from Jessica Fletcher’s career as both an author and amateur sleuth.

    -R.E.

  • The Madness of Method Writing

    The Madness of Method Writing

    What’s the hardest part of the writing process? Figuring out what happens next, right? Every time you sit down to write, the voice in your head nags at you with that ever-so-familiar refrain, but what happens next? To find the answer to that question, you need to immerse yourself fully in your world, so you can truly understand what’s happening around your characters and with them—and why they react in certain ways. And that’s where method writing comes in!

    What is Method Writing

    Foremost, method writing isn’t just a writing technique. It’s an all-encompassing way of living that helps writers get into character, develop a story and go to places they never thought possible. With method writing, what you do is as important as what you write—but don’t worry, we won’t expect you to put your life on hold while you work on your next bestseller. We’re not asking for days without sleep or nights with 10 hours of work. Instead, think about ways that you can relax yourself into a mindset that allows for creativity in such a way that allows for productivity and rest.

    The trick to finding success through method writing is balance. It’s okay if you need more time for research than others, but be careful not to spend so much time immersed in your environment that you forget why you are there. Remember: You are there to create art, so make sure that nothing impedes your end goal!

    But, what is Method Writing?

    In simple terms, method writing is a writer’s attempt to immerse themselves in their environment before sitting down at their desk to work. The premise behind method writing goes something like this: If you want to understand how people feel when they’re experiencing certain emotions, try putting yourself in those situations before developing characters and plot points around them.

    Why Should I Use Method Writing?

    Reading about someone else’s experiences doesn’t give you insight into their mindsets. We often have trouble empathizing with characters who are unlike us—which makes them harder to write about.

    Method Examples

    The first use of method writing was most likely by an unnamed ancient Greek playwright who began living out his stories to bring them more authenticity. His plays are some of the earliest works of Western literature. While other notable writers, like Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy, followed suit, it wasn’t until later that method writing became a more widely used practice in creative writing circles.

    In the early 20th century, American author Jack London lived in the wilderness for months at a time to write books such as The Call of the Wild and White Fang. Around that same time, Irish writer James Joyce spent years researching Dublin’s life before he wrote Ulysses. And in recent decades, several famous authors have taken on method writing projects: Salman Rushdie based his novel Midnight’s Children on his own experiences growing up in India; Bret Easton Ellis immersed himself in Los Angeles’ seedy underworld to write Less Than Zero; and Michael Chabon even studied neuroscience at Columbia University to prepare for writing The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay.

    How do you make your writing feel real?

    One way is method writing. It’s a combination of story immersion and character immersion. Story immersion is when you immerse yourself in every aspect of your story, from characters to setting to atmosphere—basically everything that makes up your story. We can do this through extensive research or reading; consuming as much information about your story as possible gives you a better sense for what you are building with it.

    Character immersion is similar, but instead of immersing yourself in your story, you immerse yourself in your characters. You become them: their mannerisms, their speech patterns, and even their physical appearance. By doing so, you understand them on a deeper level and understand how they would react to situations around them (which then helps create more realistic dialogue).

    In order to immerse yourself fully in either of these processes, you must take time away from everyday life. If you want to learn about your world, go out into it. If you want to learn about your characters, spend time with them. The best part about both methods is that there is no wrong way of going about them! As long as you’re learning and understanding, that’s all that matters.

    Getting Started

    What Are You Waiting For?

    To get started, write a list of questions that need answers. From those questions, write additional questions and keep going until you have enough knowledge to fill your page. For example: How old is my main character? leads to How did he grow up? which leads to What kind of neighborhood did he grow up in? which leads to Did he have any siblings? which leads… well, you get it. Once you’ve got enough material written on paper, start looking at places where you can find answers.

    The more effort you put into finding answers, the more effective your immersion will be. If you ever feel like there’s something missing, just go back through your notes and re-center yourself on what it means to be the character. There might be something else that needs answering before you move forward with writing. Don’t forget to take notes of the realizations that you come to. It’s important to remember everything so that when it comes time to sit down and actually write, everything will make sense.

    How To Do It Right

    The first step in method writing is being honest with yourself. What sort of setting are you looking to immerse yourself in? If you’re writing a historical piece, visiting an old-fashioned farm or plantation could help you learn more about what life was like back then. Or, if you’re writing a fantasy novel with magic and swords, heading down to your local dojo or meeting up with people who take part in SCA (Society for Creative Anachronism) will let you see how sword fighting really works. Keep in mind that it’s all about immersion—the more time and effort you put into your research, the better your story will be.

    When done right, method writing can make your characters feel real because they’re based on truly lived experiences. Even when writing fiction, it’s important to stay grounded in reality.

    Better Method Writing

    As you probably know, everyone has different methods to their madness. Sometimes, it might feel like there’s no right or wrong way to go about things, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t some tips and tricks you can use to improve your own method writing.

    Method writing is simply the practice of immersing yourself in an environment that mimics the setting that you are writing about. If you’re working on a story set in feudal Japan, you might keep yourself immersed in traditional Japanese clothing, set up your home and office with as much Japanese-style furniture as possible, and try to speak only Japanese.

    This can help you get in touch with the world that you’re creating, to discover details about it that might otherwise escape your notice, and to enrich your characters so they feel more alive and realistic.

    1) Don’t Let Your Characters Define You:

    One of my favorite pieces of advice for writers is from author Neil Gaiman: I think if you have an idea for a story, and someone says ‘well why don’t you do it like so-and-so did,’ then don’t do it like so-and-so did. Do what feels right to you. If something feels off, don’t be afraid to break from tradition—there’s always room for improvement!

    2) Get into Character:

    This one is pretty self explanatory: put yourself in character’s shoes. How would they act? What would they say? How would they react? By getting inside their head, you’ll find that it helps build stronger characters.

    3) Read Books About It:

    There are tons of books out there on how to write better characters (I’ve read several), and many of them focus on method writing specifically. Even if you’re not planning on reading them cover-to-cover, flipping through will give you plenty of ideas for improving your process.

    4) Listen to Other Writers Talk About Their Process:

    Check out videos online where other authors talk about their process. It’s a great way to get inspiration, as well as new ideas for improving your own process.

    5) Put Yourself in Scary Situations:

    A great exercise for becoming more comfortable writing horror is actually putting yourself in scary situations—even if just for fun! Practice going up to strangers, looking people directly in the eye when talking to them, going somewhere new alone—it all makes you more comfortable with those actions when writing them down later on.

    Immersion Methods

    Environmental immersion is a simple way to get into character.

    This method involves surrounding yourself with an environment that matches or mimics your setting, character and/or subject. For example, if you’re writing about a castle in medieval England, you might dress as if you were actually living there. If your setting takes place in an English pub or tavern, donning a period costume and purchasing some local ales will set your mind right for creating vivid characters and dramatic scenes. And be sure to note sounds—talking loud to create noise around you can help with inspiration! However, keep these things brief—the goal here is not to distract from writing but to get inspired by it.

    Linguistic immersion is another great tool for getting into character.

    It’s also quite simple—all you have to do is start speaking like your characters would speak! Instead of saying he went outside, try saying he exited his domicile. Or instead of saying she said something, try substituting she vocalized. You may find that taking on a different dialect or accent helps you write more vividly and realistically. The key here is practice—you may feel silly at first but stick with it until it feels natural enough to implement during your work sessions.

    Mood alteration is trickier than other methods listed here, but many writers swear by its effectiveness.

    There are several ways to go about mood alteration—some people prefer changing their clothing, while others prefer listening to music or eating certain foods. But whatever route you choose, make sure it works for you! After all, mood alteration isn’t effective unless it helps put you in the mindset of your characters and/or settings.

    Physical immersion (also known as sensory deprivation) is perhaps one of most well-known methods used by writers.

    By cutting off your senses, you eliminate distractions and focus solely on what’s going on inside your head. Some writers use blindfolds, while others use earplugs—and still others prefer sitting in complete silence. Be careful when using physical immersion though, as it’s easy to become too focused on what’s happening inside your head with no external stimuli to balance things out. Make sure you’re ready for such a challenge before trying out physical immersion!

    Creating a Method Outline

    When you are trying to figure out how to write a story, there is no shortcut or surefire way to ensure that you don’t hit any bumps in your story later on. However, making a method outline can help you see where you might get stuck later and helps prevent you from losing sight of character arcs or plot points.

    The process for creating a method outline can be as easy as writing your character arc in bullet points and numbering them according to their importance. You can also use any visual organizer that works for you: mindmaps, tree diagrams, flow charts—whatever will help you look at things from several angles. The important thing is to have something concrete and visual that you can refer to when it comes time to write your story.

    Character Methodology

    A Method Writer is an artist who has mastered the art of submerging themselves into their current environment by speaking the vernacular of characters, dressing for the setting and changing their environments to suit the world that they are building in order to write more authentically about it, without the hindrance of having to research or ask questions from people living in that world, that could alter the story being told.

    It’s a methodical way of documenting your story and getting in touch with your character. The writer must become their characters in order to write them accurately and develop them believably. Some will say that if you can’t understand how your characters feel, then there’s no reason for anyone else to either.

    Method writing isn’t for everyone, but it helps writers get inside their characters’ heads better than any other tool I’ve ever used before. And really, isn’t that what we want? To write believable characters who draw our readers into their world? If so, give method writing a try. You might find it works for you too.

    Just remember, once you put these processes into action, don’t forget to have fun. A good book isn’t written by numbers and neither is a good character. Remember to breathe life into your creations and let them live within your pages! Then, sit back and watch them take on lives of their own.

    -R.E.

  • Win, Protagonist, Win!

    Win, Protagonist, Win!

    The protagonist in any story has quite the job—she’s the main character, and she’s up against some pretty stiff competition to win out in the end. She must overcome many obstacles, from evil doers to natural disasters to selfish friends, in order to achieve her dreams and goals. The tricky part of writing a good protagonist? Writing her so that she wins in the end! Luckily, there are plenty of tricks you can use when you write your next protagonist to ensure that she comes out on top and achieves her dreams—read on to learn how!

    Like if You’re Likeable

    One of the most common mistakes writers make is creating protagonists that are unlikeable. Sure, your character can be shy or flawed, but don’t go overboard. Readers need to root for your protagonist—to cheer for her on despite her flaws. Characters who do well have strong moral compasses and good hearts, even if they’re not always perfect at showing it. Think about what makes your character unique; what motivates her and sets her apart from others. Think about how she makes decisions and whether they make sense considering everything else you know about her personality. Then ask yourself: would I still root for my character? If not, try again until you get it right.

    There is a strong difference between the classic protagonist and the anti-hero. In fact, it might be even more important that your protagonist isn’t an anti-hero than that she’s not unlikeable—because, at least in most genres, we spend little time with our protagonists. A lot of readers won’t get to know your main character well enough to dislike her if they can barely remember her name (which may very well be because you failed at hooking them in chapter one).

    Yes, today’s readers demand compelling characters that go on unexpected journeys and sometimes break the rules; but they still want to root for those characters despite their flaws. They want likeable protagonists who win in the end… or at least learn something from their mistakes along the way.

    Start With the Backstory

    Figure out who your protagonist is and what their backstory is. Where are they from? Why did they leave home? What’s at stake for them in your story? How does that backstory impact how they will react to obstacles you throw at them later on in your plot? Answering these questions should give you some idea of where your character will start off.

    Backstory should be more than the history of the character. It should be an unwound bundle of paths – both followed and unfollowed – that led the character to that place where the story proper starts. You want it to involve some kind of intense decision on his or her part that established their current philosophy, or at least had an enormous influence on it.

    That decision can involve someone else or something else, but it’s still got to be your protagonist’s decision, not just something we dragged them into. They have to choose between a bunch of unsatisfying alternatives (or at least feel like they do) and pick one, then live with that choice until things change again… And speaking of making decisions, your protagonist has made another important choice: deciding what he wants in life before the story begins. You want him to care about something beyond himself by design.

    Know Your Protagonist’s Goal

    Make your protagonist more interesting by giving them a goal—and a real one. It’s important that your characters have tangible objectives that they can strive for, and it’s even better if those goals are in line with their backstory or motives. Your reader is more likely to keep reading when there’s something worth fighting for at stake. This goes back to making sure your character is believable- don’t just make them another shallow cutout meant only for plot. Give them depth, motivations, and desires. Motivations determine goals. If you know what motivates your character, you can figure out what they want more than anything else.

    Goals are easy to see as accomplishments, but they can serve well in the shapes of objects and destinations as well. The goals that your character pursues throughout their journey should be their own—and not something you force on them for convenience’s sake. The success or failure of these objectives doesn’t have to define them (nor should it!). Having well-defined motivations gives us greater insight into who your characters are and what they want out of life. This is useful when you’re trying to win readers over.

    Give Your Protagonist Flaws

    Every protagonist is only as good as their flaws. Nobody wants to read about a perfect character, because perfect people are boring—there’s no struggle, no chance for growth. And that’s what readers want—they want your characters to grow and learn, and become better at whatever it is they do in your story. Give them something they need to overcome so they can reach their full potential by taking on challenges along the way.

    Keep in mind that the goal that your character strives towards and the flaw that they overcome should be separate, but mirrored. So when you create your protagonist’s goal, it can look something like:

    my main character, Bob, wants to quit his job because he is unhappy with how things are working out at work

    This shows Bob’s motive or desire—what drives him. But that isn’t enough. To make it more interesting (and difficult) we add his flaw/what he needs to overcome:

    but every time he thinks about quitting, fear of failure overcomes Bob

    This creates an internal conflict within our main character. After all, if Bob knows he has only one shot at doing whatever it is he intends to do, then why would he allow himself to fail?

    We now have two elements; motivator and obstacle. When these two elements collide, we have some conflict which will drive your story forward. Take note that even though these factors are one sentence, they should remain entirely separate from each other. The most memorable protagonists always have strong flaws—they’re humanized and flawed in ways we can relate to as readers—but while these characters are far from perfect, they still succeed by overcoming their challenges unexpectedly. It’s important not only for your main character to have flaws (and even weaknesses), but for them to overcome those problems!

    Don’t Underestimate This Character

    While protagonists might be in control of their fate, they can’t save themselves. They cannot defeat all of their enemies on their own and must trust others (which isn’t always easy) in order to reach success. In many stories, they even must sacrifice something big in order for there to be any hope at all of victory. Because of that, it’s easy for protagonists to get lost in action scenes or other plot points; they may feel like passive observers during tense moments rather than active participants with important goals that matter. However, it’s up to you—the writer—to keep readers connected to your protagonist by giving him an authentic voice and showing how he is actively trying to achieve his goals. Even if he does not know how things will work out in the end, he still needs his moment-by-moment victories because those victories make readers care about him. Remember: It won’t be enough for your protagonist just to survive—he needs to succeed!

    In the same vein, the protagonist needs to be challenged. Don’t be afraid to put them through the ringer. If they have strong enough goals, you’ll write them through even the toughest of circumstances. Challenge your characters (and yourself) by forcing readers to ask whether your protagonist will survive or succeed—and how he’ll do it. As long as you’re taking him down interesting paths and making him work for it, readers won’t care if he starts out seeming weak. In fact, they might come to love your character more because he has overcome his weaknesses over time! Characters are more than their faults—they are their flaws and the resolve to overcome those struggles. That’s why protagonists need these victories—to show that they can grow from their problems and become something better than what got them into trouble in the first place!

    Show, Don’t Tell

    Showing is better than telling. Showing allows your audience to see, hear, smell, taste and touch your story. Telling is when you simply tell your audience what’s happening or how you want them to feel. Showing is better than telling. Showing allows your audience to see, hear, smell, taste and touch your story. Telling is when you simply tell your audience what’s happening or how you want them to feel. Audiences can become disconnected from stories that are told too much instead of shown. When trying to create protagonists that win in their end, show how they grow throughout their journey instead of just saying they do; it will be so much more powerful for readers if they can experience these character changes along with your protagonist. Of course, sometimes telling works well. The key is balance and knowing your genre.

    With your reader’s imagination, you can do anything you want. But if you want to keep readers invested in your story, try not to tell them how your protagonist feels too much. This is where showing takes precedence over telling. You never want readers to feel like they are sitting in front of an old-timey radio. Instead, show them why each action and each emotion matters. Show what happens when emotions have adverse effects on those who hold them back. Most of all, make sure your protagonists win—even if it means winning through defeat—by allowing readers an opportunity to walk away with a sense of happiness after experiencing whatever conclusion your narrative offers.

    Consider Using Archetypes

    Most stories revolve around archetypes, familiar character types that resonate with readers. Archetypes allow authors to create believable and relatable characters by tapping into those stereotypes and resonances. Archetypes are essentially universal character traits that authors use again and again. By understanding archetypes, you can craft your protagonist around those tried-and-true character types. Once you understand what makes those characters work so well, it will be easier for you to make yours more sympathetic or understandable, whatever kind of character you need.

    Choosing one archetype (or a few) will help focus your writing, especially if your story gets out of hand while outlining. Choose wisely, but don’t worry too much; they don’t have to be set in stone. If you need to change things later, make it happen. Just knowing what kind of character you need helps clarify what you should write and how that might end up looking on paper or screen. It gives you and your readers a solid foundation on which to build the ultimate definition of the character.

    Share the Load

    Your protagonist is not alone in being a character. Even though he or she may play an important role in your story, remember that supporting characters can make all the difference between an interesting book and something unforgettable. If you want readers rooting for your protagonist throughout their adventures, give them other reasons—not just their own survival—to feel compelled to read more. It’s easy to focus on your protagonist and make them into a flawless hero. In reality, no one is perfect; we all have flaws and weaknesses. And when you build side characters with those same qualities, it makes your protagonist look even better in comparison.

    Companions and antagonists alike can help to shape your protagonist. After all, your hero can’t do everything alone—and though you might think she could, trust us: No one wants to read about that. It’s important to create allies for your protagonist who are just as well-written and developed as she is. How else will we have someone to identify with? Make sure you build a sound foundation of friendship between protagonists and that they grow individually. These should be people who stick by your character through thick and thin.

    And then there are antagonists who, like any good villain worth his weight in arsenic, must serve as foils to your protagonist and clearly present obstacles she must overcome. Again, writing villains isn’t easy; an interesting foil for your heroic lead must be complex enough so readers understand his motivations (even if those motivations come from a place of pure evil) without feeling he’s too perfect or too powerful compared to our good guy protagonist. And what fun would reading about great triumphs be if there weren’t some worthy adversary standing in our character’s way? See our post about Creating Believable Antagonists for more information on building the mirror to your hero.

    In the End, Win

    If you’re writing fiction, there’s one thing you must never forget: your protagonist must win in the end. We may not always like that our protagonists win, but we have to respect their victories and our readers have to feel satisfied with their endings. Endings need to be appropriate for what came before. They shouldn’t feel tacked on or out of left field. A good ending should reflect what happened earlier in both character development and plot. Things don’t need to come full circle, but they need a resolution that is consistent with where things started.

    The ending should match up nicely with how all those secondary characters turned out too; think about how the experience of having met your protagonist changed them. What kind of person do they turn out to be? Are they just continuing along with life after having had an encounter? Your choice has significant implications for plot resolution, and vice versa. The challenge is to tie things together at the end meaningfully while also creating interesting conclusions. That can inspire readers to keep turning pages without sacrificing narrative suspense or hurrying through any lingering details. It’s difficult, but it’s worth doing if you want satisfying endings every time (and who doesn’t?).

    -R.E.

  • When Killing a Character is the Right Choice

    When Killing a Character is the Right Choice

    A character has to be interesting to capture your reader’s interest, but it also has to be right for the story you’re trying to tell. Sometimes that means letting go of your favorite character—and killing him or her off—in order to make room for a new, more important character that better helps you progress the story.

    Writing involves making tough decisions, and sometimes those decisions can have enormous impacts on your work – both positive and negative. For characters, there are two decisions that you can make which will have a huge impact: whether to kill a character, and if so, when the right time to do it will be.

    Sometimes, the character you envisioned isn’t the right fit for the story you’re trying to tell. Rather than force your story into the mold of your character, consider killing him or her off or simply moving on to a new one. Here are some tips on how to kill a character off and get away with it so that your readers don’t feel betrayed by you as the author.

    What Happens When I Kill My Character?

    There’s a reason so many authors kill off their main characters. From Romeo and Juliet to Game of Thrones, books and TV shows have clarified that killing off your lead character can be incredibly powerful and moving. But what happens if you take a risk like that? Where do you go after killing off your protagonist? How do you continue telling their story in a way that isn’t cheesy or hokey?

    The answer lies in building them up well before they die—and making sure their death means something. It’s not just an empty shock moment for entertainment’s sake. Instead, think of it as part of an overarching message about good vs. evil or past vs. future or whatever else is important to your overall plot. That’ll help ensure that their death doesn’t feel forced or gimmicky. Make sure it has consequences on other characters and affects how everyone around them behaves from then on out.

    The death of a major character can transform your story. When you kill off a character, it should be in service to your plot and theme. For example, if someone close to them has recently betrayed your main character, that betrayal could lead to their death at their betrayer’s hands. How you write your story depends on how you structure your plot and conflict. For some ideas on literary deaths and what makes them work, look at our post on Death and it’s Brilliant Life in Fiction.

    How Do I Go About Killing Off My Character?

    First, ask yourself why you’re considering killing off your character. Is it because they haven’t been getting along with other characters? Are they too much of a love interest or not enough? If you have come to terms with why killing them off is your best bet, then it’s time to plan. For fictional characters, we can handle death in many ways.

    The best way to kill off a character quickly and painlessly is to delete them from your manuscript. If you decide on a character’s death still, it’s time for preparation and execution. Know why it needs to happen—often when characters die without meaning, their deaths distract from whatever point their life had been leading up to.

    Know How It Happens

    If it’s another character who will do the deed, develop some sort of relationship between these two beforehand. Do they hate each other? Are they friends? Does one look up to another or respect another’s opinion highly? What role does each play in each other’s lives?

    Knowing these details beforehand can help with having stronger dialogue during tense moments between characters before their ultimate confrontation. Be sure to know what each side has to gain and lose by killing off your character (your story will already have stakes). Is there something at stake for everyone or are some not as involved? The different amounts of conflict should mirror how strong their points are, along with how real you make these conflict points feel. 

    Know What Should Happen Next

    Be sure to write out what should happen after your character’s death. If you can’t come up with something, your character shouldn’t die. After all, if he’s so great and important that you need him to die, then it makes sense that his death would have some sort of purpose or meaning. Don’t kill off your characters just because they seem like they’re in danger; make sure their deaths add something to either plot or theme. For example, killing off a beloved hero might be right if he needs to die in order for someone else to take up his mantle as a main character in subsequent books.

    If he dies here and now, where would his body go? Is there someone who will take care of him, or leave him in a dumpster to rot into oblivion? Do you know what happens during your character’s death, or should they die with no further action? Sometimes we need to be reminded that our characters are not just words on paper. They should feel like real people with genuine emotions. Sure, they may only live in our imagination for now, but they deserve to live their lives fully, even if it means going away forever. This can be very difficult, especially if your character has become someone close to you. It’s okay to let them go. Trust me.

    Will Readers Like It If I Kill A Character?

    It’s perfectly acceptable as long as its believable and something that makes sense within the story or plotline. Your editor/agent/reader will appreciate it if you’re flexible enough to allow room for both possibilities. Either way, try not to get too attached until after you’ve written it down because sometimes things don’t work out how we want them to. Be open-minded about changes, revisions and edits! Don’t force a scene that feels wrong. It is wrong.

    Whether you’re considering killing a character to make space for another, or simply to create more plot complications, it’s important to know your readers. Do they typically enjoy shocking twists? Are they fine with sudden character deaths as long as it advances plot lines? What are their opinions on killing main characters versus lesser-known ones?

    Answering these questions will help you decide whether a particular death will go over well with your audience—or if you should make some other changes instead. Keep in mind that no matter how well received it may be, an unexpected death can frustrate readers who have an attachment to certain beloved characters. Before killing off someone’s favorite character, consider whether you need them to die at all. Most often, there is an alternative solution that leaves everyone happy (the dead character included).

    Whose Characters Are They?

    It outrages many fans when long-standing characters die. Take the death of Sherlock Holmes, for instance. When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle killed off his most famous character in 1893, he received over fifty thousand letters protesting his decision. While it’s okay to take a calculated risk by killing off one of your favorite characters—or even one that you like little—be prepared for fan outcry and plan accordingly.

    You’ll need to account for increased interest from news outlets (print and online) as well as social media chatter about your book or story; you might even see people posting reviews that are wholly focused on how terrible you are for taking out their beloved character. Having a major character die can also cause issues later in your series if they were beloved by readers. If you didn’t handle their departure right, or if one of your story lines revolved around them, it can discourage readers not to see that plot thread come together again.

    Any writer will tell you that killing off a character is a hard choice to make. It’s emotionally taxing, and it can have far-reaching implications for your plot—not to mention your other characters. But sometimes you need to kill off a character in order to add emotional impact or kick-start major plot points. You need to know when it’s right to pull that trigger before you even start writing. Most of all, you need to make sure your decision has enough payoff that it won’t just leave readers feeling like you cheated them out of something exciting.

    -R.E.

  • The Shape of the Character Arc

    The Shape of the Character Arc

    Character arc refers to the changes that take place within a single character throughout the course of an entire story (or even across several stories) told in the same universe. While not every tale has such an arc, many do. It can be one of the most important aspects of storytelling, as it provides the growth and development that makes stories relatable and characters memorable. Many authors have different ideas about what exactly character arc is and how to create it, but this article will help you understand just what it entails and why you should care when writing your own fiction!

    What is a Character Arc?

    A character arc, in its simplest form, is a change or transformation in a character. This transformation happens over time, usually over several episodes of a TV show or even within one episode. There are many types of character arcs but two major categories, stories where characters start as good and become evil (sometimes known as villain arcs) and tales where characters start out as bad but end up redeeming themselves (redemption arcs). These arcs can be minor or complete transformations depending on your needs for your story.

    There are several types of character arcs. The five most common are: Eustress (Positive), Distress (Negative), Flat, Upward Spiral, Downward Spiral. Eustress is a positive growth arc where your character becomes more successful through his journey to resolve his conflict. In a distress arc, your characters become less successful as he deals with obstacles in his way to achieve resolution to his conflict. A flat arc does not follow one of these traditional paths but can be anything that evolves your character over time by adding depth or layers and making them more complex. An upward spiral is when a good person tries to do something bad but then makes it right during their journey while they descend into darkness when a bad person tries to do something good but ends up making it wrong (or worse) along their journey. Finally, downward spirals happen when someone who’s bad keeps doing bad things until they reach rock bottom.

    How Can You Spot a Good Character Arc?

    Characters who go through transformations must eventually return to normalcy—but with something new learned from those experiences. Without exception, every hero will have gone on some type of journey before reaching a resolution. This can mean fighting off villains, discovering hidden knowledge about oneself, or saving someone close to them. Even if our heroes don’t emerge completely unscathed from battle, they still have made progress toward self-actualization.

    What really defines a great character arc is being able to find meaning in that journey. Your story’s protagonist must learn an important lesson or truth that he or she can take with them in life. Ideally, your readers will see something of themselves reflected in your characters—whether it’s enduring struggle, love lost or gained, or simply what it means to be human—and come away from it feeling changed for having read it. In order for a character arc to work properly, you a believable reason for change.

    The goal of any author should be to write stories that will leave an impact on readers, both emotionally and mentally. How well we do that depends not only on what happens in our plots but also on how our characters grow from beginning to end. If you’re just starting out as a writer or have been at it for years but aren’t seeing much progress in terms of personal growth for your main characters, ask yourself why that is. Are you trying too hard to follow formulaic story patterns or are you overly focused on events? If you keep telling yourself that there’s no actual difference between one protagonist and another, take some time to reflect on what truly makes them unique individuals. The answer might surprise you!

    How to Create a Great Character Arc

    While different writers approach characterization in various ways, there are two principal schools of thought: transformative arc vs. personal growth arc. Understanding each helps you better understand your options as a writer.

    In a transformative arc, external factors drive change, such as loss or hardship. In The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, for example, Tom Joad finds himself transformed from an honest man to a cold-blooded killer when his family loses their farm because of financial hardships caused by bankers.

    Through a personal growth arc, protagonists find their true identity through introspection. A great example is Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. Huck goes on an adventure that forces him to reevaluate what he knows of society and life. The friendship that ensues shows Huck that there’s more to life than just living for money; instead, it should be about finding yourself and living free.

    There are four major steps to creating a solid character arc. Each step requires considering both sides of your story—good people becoming evil or vice versa—and reinforcing each step so that it builds on itself.

    The Start

    First, think about where your story starts: Who is your protagonist? What’s his or her life like? Figure out exactly what your start will be for your character; what does their life look like at its very best right now? To help yourself find ideas, try taking inventory of everything that makes up their current best life. Whatever you come up with, dig deep: don’t just list things off quickly or you might miss something important.

    Once you’ve figured out what makes your character happy, look to see if there’s anything missing from their lives—and if there is, ask yourself why they feel that way. Maybe they struggle to cope with stress every day, even though other people seem fine when going through similar situations. Maybe they become prone to lying when given certain opportunities, even though it goes against all of their core values.

    No matter why it happens once you discover a reason for them feeling unhappy, then you can connect those feelings to their past decisions. These pain points may be small or large, but once you realize what could have caused them, you should be able to develop your character further by asking questions about what led up to these events. Then explore any consequences stemming from choices made down the line. Sometimes characters who lie only ever tell white lies without realizing it because somewhere along the line somebody taught them that saying half-truths could save face in tough situations—so always ask why things happen too!

    The Journey

     

     

    What lesson is important to you? Their outlook on life may have changed, or they may have gained a better understanding of themselves. Or they might not even realize what they’ve learned until later. Consider a character who learns that all that glitters isn’t gold—that something valuable doesn’t mean it will last or be as valuable in another form. For example, your hero could lose everything they own in a fire but come out more optimistic because of it. Maybe their loss taught them how to appreciate what was important—family, friends, home. Maybe they lost all their stuff but realized what didn’t matter at all—an impressive car or designer clothes.

    Whatever it is, keep it simple. Don’t worry about mapping out every single lesson learned by your character; that’s not important. In fact, sometimes learning a bit more slowly can be more interesting to watch (just ask Luke Skywalker). All that matters is that in your story they realize an important truth—or simply grow as a person—and then choose to carry that with them throughout whatever lies ahead for them. Remember, just because something doesn’t end up making sense within the plot doesn’t mean it won’t make sense within your character’s story arc. The two aren’t mutually exclusive. Consider both when writing and thinking about your characters’ journeys.

    The Progress

    Talk directly about how she changes because of her experiences; don’t rely on backstory alone! explain why change is necessary for your character. Include examples from his past that suggest just how important it is for him to learn these lessons. Decide how you’re going to illustrate that learning process through concrete plot points—what will happen in each chapter that will show readers exactly how much progress your character has made? Explain why change is necessary for your character. Include examples from his past that suggest just how important it is for him to learn these lessons. Make sure these events are appropriate for your reader’s experience.

    You also want to make sure these events tie back into either of your story’s two major themes. The character arc doesn’t need to advance every step of the way; often, it may stall out temporarily before picking up again later on. But it should always move forward overall. If there is no movement, or if it advances but then falls backward, consider revising or deleting portions of your story. Having a complete character arc can be extremely difficult for some authors, so don’t worry if yours feels like an unfinished project when you work with an editor. Save all those other details (such as motivations) until after your draft, since they may force significant changes within your characters’ development arcs. Again, at least try to touch upon them with some general notes during revision!

    The Big Picture

    The character arc is simply a way of expressing a character’s change in attitude, values, or both during a story. The change can be slow or quick; characters don’t have to go from being good to bad, or vice versa. Sometimes they end up somewhere in between—still imperfect but striving for improvement. Through a well thought out arc, characters change over time thanks to events in their lives, ultimately revealing something about themselves. As an author, knowing how your story ends before you write will help you develop each of your characters more fully.

    Since readers often relate to your main character—especially if she goes through an arc—knowing what she starts as and where she ends will help paint her realistically on the page… no matter where her journey takes her. This concept also applies when developing secondary (or even tertiary) characters: Knowing who they are at first will give you an idea of who they become as events unfold in your narrative, creating realistic outcomes based on their personalities as established early on.

    In every work of fiction, there is a discernible pattern toward an overall dramatic resolution.

    When handled properly, it creates a unique tension between expectation and reality. When handled poorly, it comes across as artificial contrivance meant only to shock. Understanding the requirements of a logical and successful character arc allows you to use it effectively regardless of genre or style — mystery, romance, suspense thriller, comedy, science fiction … all genres benefit from understanding and applying one important aspect in storytelling: Change must occur if we want our stories to be taken seriously. Choosing wisely which changes belong within your plot is key to telling an engaging tale others will want to hear again and again. Through careful planning, you can avoid wasted effort.

    -R.E.